Human Body Systems (SYS)

The complex system of the human body is the foundation for any medical practice. The systems occur at different scale and different levels of complexity while including biochemical and fauna systems as well. This big idea focuses the study of Anatomy and Physiology.

SYS-1 Identify the major organ systems of the human body.

SYS-1.A Identify the major tissues of the human body.

SYS-1.A.1 Describe connective tissues locations and structure.

SYS-1.A.2 Describe epithelial tissues locations and structure.

SYS-1.A.3 Describe muscle tissues locations and structure.

SYS-1.A.4 Describe nervous tissues locations and structure.

SYS-1.B Identify the major organs of the human body.

SYS-1.B.1 Identify the organs and structures of the head.

SYS-1.B.2 Identify the organs and structures of the thorax.

SYS-1.B.3 Identify the organs and structures of the upper extremities.

SYS-1.B.4 Identify the organs and structures of the hand and wrist.

SYS-1.B.5 Identify the organs and structures of the axial column.

SYS-1.B.6 Identify the organs and structures of the abdomen.

SYS-1.B.7 Identify the organs and structures of the pelvis.

SYS-1.B.8 Identify the organs and structures of the lower extremities.

SYS-1.B.9 Identify the organs and structures of the ankle and foot.

SYS-1.C Identify the major systems of the human body.

SYS-1.C.1 Explain the integumentary system at all levels.

a. Describe the levels of the integumentary system.

b. Describe the nerve capsules and other sensors.

c. Describe the integrated components such as hair follicles or glands.

SYS-1.C.2 Explain the muscular system at all levels.

a. Identify antagonistic pairs of muscles.

b. Explain how a muscle is built up from a single myosin/actinin pair to a complete fascia encased muscle.

c. Identify and explain the tendons of the human body.

SYS-1.C.3 Explain the skeletal system at all levels.

a. Describe the types of bone and identify their locations in the body.

b. Identify the ligaments of the human body.

c. Explain the internal structure of the bones and how they interact with the circulatory system.

d. Identify the types of joints and their utility.

SYS-1.C.4 Explain the nervous system at all levels.

a. Explain the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems’ structures.

b. Explain the autonomic and somatic systems of efferent neurons.

c. Explain the structure and function of the central nervous system

d. Explain the structure and function of the afferent neurons and the special sensory organs.

SYS-1.C.5 Explain the circulatory system at all levels.

a. Describe how cardiac and smooth muscle interact and support the function of the other.

b. Describe electrocardiogram traces, including waveforms, axis, and 15 leads.

c. Describe immune system and how it is integrated in the circulatory system.

SYS-1.C.6 Explain the lymphatic system at all levels.

a. Describe the anatomical zones covered by each cluster of lymph nodes.

SYS-1.C.7 Explain the respiratory system at all levels.

SYS-1.C.8 Explain the endocrine system at all levels.

SYS-1.C.9 Explain the urinary system at all levels.

SYS-1.C.10 Explain the digestive system at all levels.

a. Describe the location and integration of auxiliary digestive organs into the alimentary canal.

b. Demonstrate areas of integration with other systems along the alimentary canal.

SYS-1.C.11 Identify the reproductive system at all levels.

a. Identify the organs of the male reproductive system.

b. Identify the organs of the female reproductive system.

c. Identify analogous structures and differential development.

SYS-2 Identify the major physiological functions of the human body systems.

SYS-2.A Explain the physiological functions of the major tissues of the human body.

SYS-2.A.2 Explain the physiological function of connective tissues locations and structure.

SYS-2.A.2 Explain the physiological function of epithelial tissues locations and structure.

SYS-2.A.3 Explain the physiological function of muscle tissues locations and structure.

SYS-2.A.4 Explain the physiological function of nervous tissues locations and structure.

SYS-2.B Explain the physiological functions of the major organs of the human body. Including a description of how various tissues integrate to allow the function of the organ.

SYS-2.B.1 Explain the physiological function of the organs and structures of the head.

SYS-2.B.2 Explain the physiological function of the organs and structures of the thorax.

SYS-2.B.3 Explain the physiological function of the organs and structures of the upper extremities.

SYS-2.B.4 Explain the physiological function of the organs and structures of the hand and wrist.

SYS-2.B.5 Explain the physiological function of the organs and structures of the axial column.

SYS-2.B.6 Explain the physiological function of the organs and structures of the abdomen.

SYS-2.B.7 Explain the physiological function of the organs and structures of the pelvis.

SYS-2.B.8 Explain the physiological function of the organs and structures of the lower extremities.

SYS-2.B.9 Explain the physiological function of the organs and structures of the ankle and foot.

SYS-2.C Explain the physiological functions of the major systems of the human body. Include a description of how various systems interact and how they work together to maintain homeostasis.

SYS-2.C.1 Explain the integumentary system at all levels.

a. Explain the physiological function of the levels of the integumentary system.

b. Explain the physiological function of the nerve capsules and other sensors.

c. Explain the physiological function of the integrated components such as hair follicles or glands.

SYS-2.C.2 Explain the muscular system at all levels.

a. Explain the movement antagonistic pairs of muscles.

b. Explain how muscles contract, include anaerobic and aerobic functioning of muscles.

c. Describe how the tendons of the human body allow for movement.

d. Describe the anatomical vocabulary of movement including: adduction, abduction, flexion, extension, rotation, elevation, depression, pronation, supination, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, inversion, eversion, opposition, reposition, circumduction, protraction, and retraction. 

e. Identify the grades of strains and they appearance on imaging.

SYS-2.C.3 Describe the physiological function of the skeletal system at all levels.

a. Identify the ligaments of the human body and how they support the movement of the body.

b. Describe the function of the different types of cartilage in the human body.

c. Explain the physiological structure of the bones and how they interact with the circulatory system.

d. Describe how the various types of joints allow for different anatomical movements.

e. Identify the different grades of sprains and how they appear on imaging.

SYS-2.C.4 Explain physiological function of the nervous system at all levels.

a. Describe the physiological function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system’s structures include an explanation of the alpha and beta receptors and their function.

b. Describe the physiological functions the autonomic and somatic systems of efferent neurons.

c. Identify the physiological functions of the structures of the central nervous systems include an explanation of mu, delta, and kappa receptors and the function of GABA.

d. Explain the physiological functions of the special sensory organs.

SYS-2.C.5 Describe the physiological functions the circulatory system.

a. Describe how cardiac tissue acts as a pacemaker and the electrical conduction system of the heart.

b. Describe the physical responses to electrocardiogram traces, including waveforms, axis, and 15 leads. The different arrhythmias should also be described.

c. Describe immune system and how it is integrated in the circulatory system.

d. Explain the pressures of the circulatory system and how it transitions from various locations across the body. Include a description of the renin angiotension system.

SYS-2.C.6 Describe the physiological functions the lymphatic system at all levels.

a. Describe how the lymphatic and circulatory system interact.

b. Explain the interaction of the lymphatic and immune system.

SYS-2.C.7 Explain the function of the respiratory system.

a. Describe how the respiratory and cardiovascular systems interact.

b. Describe how the respiratory system interacts with the immune system.

c. Explain how the respiratory system maintains homeostasis (pH, temperature, etc).

SYS-2.C.8 Describe the physiological functions of the endocrine system, including each of the organs and the major hormones / neurotransmitters.

SYS-2.C.9 Describe the physiology of the urinary system and how it maintains homeostasis.

a. Explain the nephron and the biochemistry of the nephron system.

b. Explain the function of erythropoietin in the human system.

SYS-2.C.10 Describe the physiological functions of the digestive system.

a. Describe the location and integration of auxiliary digestive organs into the alimentary canal.

b. Demonstrate areas of integration with other systems along the alimentary canal.

SYS-2.C.11 Explain the reproductive system at all levels.

a. Explain the physiological function of the organs of the male reproductive system. Include an explanation of spermatogenesis and the effect of blood pressure on the corpora cavernosa.

b. Explain the physiological functions of the organs of the female reproductive system. Include an explanation of ovulation, effect of blood pressure on the corpora cavernosa, and the mammary tissue.

c. Describe the various specific hormonal changes and their physiological effects during the menstrual cycle

d. Describe the homologous structures between biosexmale and biosexfemale anatomy and physiology.

e. Describe the changes physiological/anatomical during gender transition and how to support patients during their transition.

SYS-3 Explain the microbiological, hormonal, and micro-faunal systems of the human body.

SYS-3.A Describe the microbiome of the human body.

SYS-3.A.1 Explain the microbiome of the integumentary system.

SYS-3.A.2 Explain the microbiome of the alimentary canal.

a. Identify the major symbiotic microbes within the various areas of the alimentary canal.

b. Describe the physiological functions of the major symbiotic microbes within the areas of the alimentary canal.

c. Explain how diet, exercise, and health status can affect the microbiome of the alimentary canal.

SYS-3.A.3 Explain the microbiome of the respiratory system.

SYS-3.B Describe the hormones (autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine) of the human body.

SYS-3.B.1 Explain the various major autocrine signaling hormones of the various major tissue types.

SYS-3.B.2 Explain the various major paracrine hormones of various organs including their physiological functions.

SYS-3.B.3 Explain the various major endocrine hormones of various organs including their physiological functions.

a. Describe the function of antidiuretic hormone.

b. Describe the major hormonal differences between biosexmale and biosexfemale.

c. Describe the major hormones of the immune system and that are released during a trauma cascade.

SYS-3.C Describe the symbiotic micro-faunal animals and fungi of the human body.

SYS-3.C.1 Identify and explain the major symbiotic micro-fauna of the integumentary system.

a. Identify and describe the major symbiotic animals of the integumentary system.

b. Identify and describe the major symbiotic fungi of the integumentary system.

SYS-3.C.2 Identify and explain the major symbiotic micro-fauna outside of the integumentary system.

a. Identify and describe the major symbiotic animals outside of the integumentary system.

b. Identify and describe the major symbiotic fungi outside of the integumentary system.