Human Body Systems (SYS)

The complex system of the human body is the foundation for any medical practice. The systems occur at different scale and different levels of complexity while including biochemical and fauna systems as well. This big idea focuses the study of Anatomy and Physiology.

SYS-1: Identification of Major Organ Systems of the Human Body

- SYS-1.1 Describe connective tissues: locations and structure.
- SYS-1.2 Describe epithelial tissues: locations and structure.
- SYS-1.3 Describe muscle tissues: locations and structure.
- SYS-1.4 Describe nervous tissues: locations and structure.
- SYS-1.1 Identify the organs and structures of the head.
- SYS-1.2 Identify the organs and structures of the thorax.
- SYS-1.3 Identify the organs and structures of the upper extremities.
- SYS-1.4 Identify the organs and structures of the hand and wrist.
- SYS-1.5 Identify the organs and structures of the axial column (spinal column).
- SYS-1.6 Identify the organs and structures of the abdomen.
- SYS-1.7 Identify the organs and structures of the pelvis.
- SYS-1.8 Identify the organs and structures of the lower extremities.
- SYS-1.9 Identify the organs and structures of the ankle and foot.
- SYS-1.1 Integumentary System
  a. Describe the levels of the integumentary system.
  b. Describe nerve capsules and other sensory structures.
  c. Describe integrated components such as hair follicles and glands.
- SYS-1.2 Muscular System
  a. Identify antagonistic muscle pairs.
  b. Explain the structural hierarchy of muscle tissue from molecular to fascial level.
  c. Identify and explain major tendons.
- SYS-1.3 Skeletal System
  a. Describe types of bones and their locations.
  b. Identify ligaments and their functions.
  c. Explain bone structure and its interaction with the circulatory system.
  d. Identify types of joints and their functions.
- SYS-1.4 Nervous System
  a. Explain sympathetic and parasympathetic system structures.
  b. Explain autonomic vs. somatic nervous systems.
  c. Explain central nervous system structure and function.
  d. Explain afferent neurons and special sensory organs.
- SYS-1.5 Circulatory System
  a. Describe interaction between cardiac and smooth muscle.
  b. Describe electrocardiogram (ECG) traces and their interpretation.
  c. Explain the immune system’s integration with the circulatory system.
- SYS-1.6 Lymphatic System
  a. Describe the anatomical zones covered by each lymph node cluster.
- SYS-1.7 Respiratory System
- SYS-1.8 Endocrine System
- SYS-1.9 Urinary System
- SYS-1.10 Digestive System
  a. Describe auxiliary digestive organs and their integration.
  b. Explain interactions with other systems along the alimentary canal.
- SYS-1.11 Reproductive System
  a. Identify male reproductive organs.
  b. Identify female reproductive organs.
  c. Compare analogous structures and differential development.

SYS-2: Identification of Major Physiological Functions of the Human Body

- SYS-2.1 Explain the function of connective tissue.
- SYS-2.2 Explain the function of epithelial tissue.
- SYS-2.3 Explain the function of muscle tissue.
- SYS-2.4 Explain the function of nervous tissue.
- SYS-2.1-9 Explain the functions of organs in various body regions (head, thorax, limbs, abdomen, pelvis, axial column, etc.).
- SYS-2.1 Integumentary System
  a. Explain physiological functions at all levels.
  b. Describe nerve capsules and sensory functions.
  c. Explain functions of hair follicles, glands, etc.
- SYS-2.2 Muscular System
  a. Explain movement of antagonistic muscle pairs.
  b. Describe muscle contraction (anaerobic/aerobic).
  c. Explain tendon function.
  d. Define anatomical movement vocabulary.
  e. Identify strain grades and their imaging.
- SYS-2.3 Skeletal System
  a. Explain ligament function in movement.
  b. Describe cartilage functions.
  c. Explain bone physiology and interaction with circulation.
  d. Describe joint function and movement types.
  e. Identify sprain grades and their imaging.
- SYS-2.4 Nervous System
  a. Explain sympathetic and parasympathetic functions (alpha/beta receptors).
  b. Describe autonomic and somatic nervous functions.
  c. Explain neurotransmitter functions (mu, delta, kappa receptors, GABA).
  d. Explain sensory organ functions.
- SYS-2.5 Circulatory System
  a. Explain cardiac conduction and pacemaking.
  b. Describe ECG traces and arrhythmias.
  c. Explain immune-circulatory integration.
  d. Describe circulatory pressures and the renin-angiotensin system.
- SYS-2.6-11 Functions of Lymphatic, Respiratory, Endocrine, Urinary, Digestive, and Reproductive Systems (as detailed).

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SYS-3: Microbiological, Hormonal, and Micro-Faunal Systems of the Human Body

- SYS-3.1 Integumentary system microbiome.
- SYS-3.2 Alimentary canal microbiome.
  a. Identify major symbiotic microbes.
  b. Explain their physiological roles.
  c. Explain how diet/exercise affect the microbiome.
- SYS-3.3 Respiratory microbiome.
- SYS-3.1 Major autocrine hormones.
- SYS-3.2 Major paracrine hormones.
- SYS-3.3 Major endocrine hormones.
  a. Explain antidiuretic hormone function.
  b. Compare hormonal differences between sexes.
  c. Describe immune system hormones and trauma responses.
- SYS-3.1 Integumentary system symbiotic organisms.
  a. Identify and describe symbiotic animals.
  b. Identify and describe symbiotic fungi.
- SYS-3.2 Other body systems' symbiotic organisms.
  a. Identify and describe symbiotic animals.
  b. Identify and describe symbiotic fungi.