Medical Pathologies and Treatments (MED)

Pathophysiology and differential diagnosis are the cornerstones of medical practice. Medical communication is also a critical component of joining the medical profession. This big idea encompasses all of those items along with pharmacology, appearance and performance-enhancing drugs, and nutrition.

MED-1 Describe the major categories of medical pathogenesis.

MED-1.A Explain the pathogenesis of bacteriological conditions.

MED-1.A.1 Describe the three different types of bacteria: rods, spheres, and spirals.

MED-1.A.2 Describe gram positive and gram negative along with which diseases are caused by each.

MED-1.B Explain the pathogenesis of viral conditions.

MED-1.B.1 Describe major classes of virus.

MED-1.B.2 Describe common vectors of viral transmission. 

MED-1.C Explain the pathogenesis of fungal conditions.

MED-1.C.1 Explain how fungi consist of mycelium, fruiting bodies, and spores.

MED-1.C.2 Explain the conditions in which fungal transmission is likely.

MED-1.D Explain the pathogenesis of parasitic conditions.

MED-1.D.1 Explain the transmission of intestinal worms and their life cycles.

MED-1.D.2 Explain the transmission of both types of lice and their life cycles.

MED-1.D.3 Explain the transmission of demodex and their life cycle.

MED-1.D.4 Explain the transmission ameobiasis and its different forms including naeglaria fowleri.

MED-1.E Explain the pathogenesis of biochemical imbalances.

MED-1.E.1 Describe the differences between respiratory and metabolic types of acidosis and alkalosis.

MED-1.E.2 Describe the pathogenesis of diabetes types I and II along with diabetes insipidus.

MED-1.E.3 Describe the pathogenesis of hyperlipidemia.

MED-1.F Explain the pathogenesis of inborn errors of development.

MED-1.G Explain the pathogenesis of cancer and autoimmune conditions.

MED-1.H Explain the pathology of major obstetrical issues in the teenage patient including ectopic pregnancy.

MED-1.I Explain the difference between fluid, contact, droplet, and airborne transmission and their PPE needs.  

MED-2 Describe the major medical treatments.

MED-2.A Explain the major protein needs and corrective measures.

MED-2.A.1 Describe the 20 amino acids and identify which are essential.

MED-2.A.2 Describe how to calculate a patient’s protein needs and calculate their current intake.

MED-2.A.3 Describe how to calculate the needed increase to adjust for athletic activity.

MED-2.B Explain the major pharmacological corrective measures.

MED-2.B.1 Describe how to utilize pharmacological mathematics to calculate patient dosing.

MED-2.B.2 Describe the major drug classes and how they are utilized.

MED-2.B.3 Describe the 200 most commonly prescribed medications over the last year.

a. Explain the three different names for each drug.

b. Explain the indications and contra-indications for each drug.

c. Explain the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug including bioavailability and half-life.

d. Explain the route of administration for each drug.

e. Explain the effects and side effects for each drug, including precautions and interactions.

f. Explain the pregnancy class for each drug.

MED-2.B.4 Describe the difference between a legend and over the counter drug.

MED-2.B.5 Explain why Homeopathy is not effective beyond placebo.

MED-2.B.6 Explain the schedule of controlled substances.

MED-2.B.7 Explain the difference between label and off-label use.

MED-2.B.8 Describe the indications, contra-indications, and action of emergency medical pharmaceuticals while demonstrating administration skill for each.

a.                Adenocard

b.               Albumin

c.                Albuterol Sulfate

d.               Alteplase

e.                Amiodarone

f.                Aspirin

g.               Atenolol

h.               Atropine Sulfate

i.                 Baclofen

j.                 Bactine

k.               “Banana Bag” or “Rally Bag”

l.                 Calcium Chloride

m.             Carisoprodol

n.               Chlorhexidine

o.               Cyanokit

p.               Dextrose 5%

q.               Dextrose 50%

r.                Diazepam

s.                Diltiazem

t.                 Diphenhydramine

u.               Dopamine

v.               Doxycycline

w.              Droperidol

x.               Epinephrine

y.               Epi-Pen

z.                Etomidate

aa.             Fentanyl Citrate

bb.            Flumazenil

cc.             Furosemide

dd.            Gabapentin

ee.             Glucagon

ff.              Haloperidol

gg.            Heparin

hh.            Hespan

ii.               Hydromorphone

jj.               Ibuprofen

kk.            Insulin Infusion

ll.               Ipratropium Bromide

mm.        IV Solutions – NS / RL

nn.            Ketamine

oo.            Ketorolac

pp.            Labetalol

qq.            Levofloxacin

rr.              Lidocaine Drip

ss.             Lidocaine with Epi

tt.               Lignocaine

uu.            Lisinopril

vv.            Lorazepam

ww.         Magnesium Sulfate

xx.            Mannitol

yy.            Mark I Nerve Agent Antidote Kit

zz.             Metered Dose Inhalers

aaa.          Methylprednisolone

bbb.         Metoprolol

ccc.          Midazolam

ddd.         Morphine Sulfate

eee.          Moxifloxacin

fff.            Naloxone Hydrochloride

ggg.         Nebulized Saline

hhh.         Nitroglycerin Tab/Spray

iii.             Nitroglycerin Infusion

jjj.             Ondansetron

kkk.         Oral Glucose

lll.             Oxygen

mmm.   Paracetamol

nnn.         Penicillin

ooo.         Pitocin

ppp.         Potassium Chloride

qqq.         Promethazine

rrr.            Propofol

sss.           Racemic Epinephrine

ttt.             Rocuronium Bromide

uuu.         Sodium Bicarbonate

vvv.         Succinylcholine Chloride

www.    Sulfamethoxazole

xxx.         Terbutaline

yyy.         Thiamine

zzz.          Thiopental

aaaa.       Vecuronium Bromide

MED-2.C Explain the major preventative measures.

MED-2.C.1 Describe the common series of vaccines.

a.      Hepatitis B

b.     Rotavirus

c.      DTaP

d.     Haemophilus Infuenzae type B

e.      Pneumococcal Conjugate PCV13

f.      IPV

g.     Influenza LAIV4

h.     MMRV

i.       Meningococcal

j.       Meningococcal B

k.     Pneumococcal Polysaccharide PPSV23

l.       HPV

MED-2.C.2 Describe the auxiliary vaccines that are not commonly part of the childhood sequence.

a.      Hepatitis A

b.     Malaria

c.      Rabies

d.     Typhoid

e.      Yellow Fever

f.      Japanese Encephalitis

g.     Adenovirus

h.     Anthrax

i.       Tuberculosis

j.       Cholera

k.     Shingles

l.       Smallpox

MED-2.C.3 Describe the annual series of vaccines and why they must be taken each year.

MED-2.D Explain the major genetic treatments.

MED-3 Identify and utilize the symptomology of major medical issues.

MED-3.A Describe the symptomology of bacteriological conditions.

MED-3.A.1 Describe common bacteriological conditions.

MED-3.A.2 Explain the creation of a biofilm.

MED-3.A.3 Explain the body’s response to bacteria.

MED-3.B Describe the symptomology of viral conditions.

MED-3.B.1 Describe common viral conditions, include mononucleosis and herpes simplex. 

MED-3.B.2 Explain the difference between RNA and DNA viruses.

MED-3.B.3 Explain body’s response to viruses.

MED-3.C Describe the symptomology of fungal conditions.

MED-3.C.1 Describe common fungal conditions. 

MED-3.C.2 Explain body’s response to fungal infections.

MED-3.C.3 Describe how symbiotic fungi help the human body and how those fungi grow out of balance. 

MED-3.D Describe the symptomology of parasitic conditions.

MED-3.D.1 Describe common parasitic conditions.

MED-3.D.2 Explain the body’s response to parasites.

MED-3.D.3 Explain how the body’s response to parasites drives anaphylactic shock.

MED-3.E Describe the symptomology of biochemical imbalances.

MED-3.E.1 Explain how the symptoms of differ between respiratory and metabolic types of acidosis and alkalosis.

MED-3.E.2 Explain how the symptoms of diabetes types I and II differ along with diabetes insipidus.

a. Describe diabetic ketoacidosis and the effects on the human body.

b. Describe hypoglycemia and the effects on the human body.

MED-3.E.3 Describe the effects of hyperlipidemia and hypertension on the human body.

MED-3.F Describe the symptomology of inborn errors of development.

MED-3.G Describe the symptomology of cancer and autoimmune conditions.

MED-3.G.1 Explain paraneoplastic syndrome.

MED-3.G.2 Explain the common autoimmune conditions.

MED-3.H Describe the symptomology of major psychological conditions.

MED-3.H.1 Explain the most common issues affecting adolescent patients.

a)     Depression

b)     Generalized Anxiety and Social Anxiety

c)     Obsessive compulsive disorder

d)     Substance abuse

e)     Eating disorders and body image dysphoria with emphasis on Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia

f)      Bipolar disorders

g)     Borderline personality disorder

h)     Schizophrenia

i)      Oppositional defiant disorder

j)      Attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder

k)     Gender Dysphoria

l)      Psychopathy

m)   Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

MED-3.H.2 Describe the key management strategies for patients in psychological crisis.

MED-3.H.3 Describe types of self-harm, including suicide, and their warning signs.

a)     Describe key aspects of identification and intervention to prevent self-harm.

b)     Describe likely triggers for self-harm

c)     Identify self-neglect and how to differentiate from normal adolescent behavior.

MED-3.H.4 Describe intimate partner abuse and intimate partner violence and describe the five levels of predation.

MED-3.H.5 Recognize elder abuse and neglect and how to prevent it.

MED-3.I Describe the symptomology of cardiac conditions.

MED-3.I.1 Explain the classic cardiac symptoms.

MED-3.I.2 Explain the five “f” and how they change the cardiac symptoms.

MED-3.I.3 Describe the various cardiac conditions and how they are reflected on electrocardiogram and echocardiograms.

MED-3.I.4 Explain the different uses of electricity, including defibrillation, pacing, and cardioversion.

MED-3.J Describe the symptomology of common genetic conditions.

MED-3.J.1 Explain the difference between recessive and dominant genetic conditions.

MED-3.J.2 Describe the pedigree, likelihood, the symptoms/signs, and prognosis of common genetic conditions.

a.      Marfan’s Syndrome

b.     Muscular Dystrophy

c.      Neurofibromatosis

d.     Down’s Syndrome

e.      Turner’s Syndrome

f.      Jacob’s Syndrome

g.     Klinefelter’s Syndrome

h.     Huntington’s Chorea

i.       Cystic Fibrosis

j.       Tay-Sachs Disease

k.     Sickle Cell Anemia

l.       Thalassemia

m.   Triple X (4X) Syndromes

n.     Wilson’s disease

o.     Fragile X syndrome

p.     Trisomy 18

q.     Trisomy 13

r.      Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

s.      Haemochromatosis

t.       Hemophilia

u.     Von-Willebrand disease

v.     Prader-Willi syndrome

w.    Noonan syndrome

x.     Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

MED-3.K Describe speech & language disorders, their pathology, and treatment.

MED-4 Develop and defend differential diagnosis of unknown conditions.

MED-4.A Explain the method of taking a patient history and performing a physical assessment.

MED-4.A.1 Describe the acronym SAMPLE and its utility.

MED-4.A.2 Describe the acronym OPQRST and its utility.

MED-4.A.3 Describe the use of laboratory analysis in diagnostics, including a sampling of abnormal values and their symptomology.

MED-4.B Explain presumed life threats and how to eliminate them from contention.

MED-4.C Explain how to develop a symptom constellation and compare to known conditions to create a differential diagnosis.

MED-4.C.1 Utilize medical literature in looking for a fit to a given symptom constellation of unknown pathogenesis.

MED-4.C.2 Create a personal knowledge bank of at least 100 common conditions and their symptom constellations.

MED-4.D Explain how to schedule and complete a reassessment to further develop the differential diagnosis.

MED-4.D.1 Describe the utility of physical treatments in the reassessment of a patient including in providing support or rejection of a differential diagnosis.

MED-4.D.2 Explain how medications may be utilized as a diagnostic tool.

MED-4.E When given a symptom constellation, responses to intervention, and history; be able to defend the differential diagnosis.

MED-5 Prevent and identify the use of appearance and performance enhancing drugs.

MED-5.A Describe how to prevent APED use.

MED-5.B Describe how to detect APED use.

MED-5.C Explain the stimulant class of APEDs.

MED-5.C.1 Describe amphetamines, its route of administration, pharmacology & actions, desired effect, side effects, and doses.

MED-5.C.2 Describe caffeine, its route of administration, pharmacology & actions, desired effect, side effects, and doses.

MED-5.C.3 Describe cocaine, its route of administration, pharmacology & actions, desired effect, side effects, and doses.

MED-5.C.4 Describe dimethylamylamine (DMAA), its route of administration, pharmacology & actions, desired effect, side effects, and doses.

MED-5.C.5 Describe ephedrine/pseudoephedrine, its route of administration, pharmacology & actions, desired effect, side effects, and doses.

MED-5.C.6 Describe methylphenidate/Adderall, its route of administration, pharmacology & actions, desired effect, side effects, and doses.

MED-5.C.7 Describe Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate (HMB), its route of administration, pharmacology & actions, desired effect, side effects, and doses.

MED-5.C.8 Explain the legality of the various types of stimulants and how athletes access the various types.

MED-5.D Explain the cannabinoid class of APEDs.

MED-5.D.1 Describe cannabinoids, their routes of administration, pharmacology & actions, desired effect, side effects, and doses.

MED-5.D.2 Describe vaped oil, flower, and edibles and the differences in doses and time of onset.

MED-5.E Explain the opioid class of APEDs.

MED-5.E.1 Describe opioids, their routes of administration, pharmacology & actions, desired effect, side effects, and doses.

MED-5.E.2 Describe fentanyl, morphine, and heroin along with their differences in doses and time of onset.

MED-5.E.3 Contextualize opioid APEDs within the larger opioid epidemic and understand the many routes to dependence.

MED-5.F Explain the hormonal class of APEDs.

MED-5.F.1 Describe Anabolic Androgenic Steroids, their routes of administration, pharmacology & actions, desired effect, side effects, and doses.

MED-5.F.2 Describe Human Growth Hormones, their routes of administration, pharmacology & actions, desired effect, side effects, and doses.

MED-5.F.3 Identify OTC supplements, allowed by DSHEA, that have hormonal effects.

MED-5.G Explain the supplement class of APEDs.

MED-5.G.1 Describe creatine, its route of administration, pharmacology & actions, desired effect, side effects, and doses.

MED-5.G.2 Describe vitamins, their routes of administration, pharmacology & actions, desired effect, side effects, and doses.

a. Explain the difference between fat soluble and water-soluble vitamins and the implication for doses.

b. Explain at what level each vitamin transitions to overdose and what are the overdose effects.

MED-5.H Explain how eating disorders and other conditions connect to APED use.

MED-6 Explore the principals of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.

MED-6.A Describe and execute the algorithm for adult CPR and defibrillation.

MED-6.B Describe and execute the algorithm for pediatric CPR and defibrillation.

MED-6.C Describe and execute the algorithm for infant/neonatal CPR and defibrillation.

MED-6.D Describe and execute the algorithm for clearing an obstructed airway.

MED-6.E Describe and execute the algorithm for the administration of narcan.

MED-6.F Describe and execute the algorithm for the administration of an epipen.  

MED-7 Utilize medical terminology and proper reporting.

MED-7.A Explain common medical terminology, including root words, suffix, and prefixes.

MED-7.B Explain the SOAP format for medical reporting, including safe medical abbreviations.

MED-7.C Describe how patients are able to challenge information in their chart.

MED-7.D Describe the use of different charting pages within the WSCA medical system.

MED-8 Describe the nutritional needs of the human body.

MED-8.A Explain the four principal nutrients needed for proper health.

MED-8.A.1 Describe carbohydrates and their function in human metabolism.

MED-8.A.2 Describe protein and their function in human metabolism.

MED-8.A.3 Describe lipids and their function in human metabolism.

MED-8.A.4 Describe water and how much the human body needs to function.

MED-8.B Explain energy balance calculations how to maintain performance and health.

MED-8.B.1 Calculate caloric intake using a food diary.

MED-8.B.2 Calculate caloric output using a food / activity diary.

MED-8.C Explain anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa and their impact on health.

MED-8.C.1 Describe the symptomology and warning signs of anorexia nervosa.

MED-8.C.2 Describe the symptomology and warning signs of bulimia nervosa.

MED-8.D Explain electrolytes and micronutrient needs for proper health.

MED-8.D.1 Describe sodium and potassium balance.

MED-8.D.2 List other micronutrients including: calcium, iron, folic acid, sodium, and chlorine.

MED-8.D.3 List the various vitamins and determine recommended daily intake.

MED-8.E Explain the dangers of various unbalanced diet plans.

MED-8.E.1 Describe the dangers of Adkins and Keto diet plans.

MED-8.E.2 Describe the dangers of Paleo diets.

MED-8.E.3 Describe the dangers of liquid diets.

MED-8.E.4 Describe the dangers of Gluten free and organic diets.

MED-8.F Explain how training, pregnancy, and other specialized circumstances change dietary needs.